Horizontal federalism refers to the relationship between states or provinces within a federal system. It governs how equal-level governments interact, share power, and resolve disputes while maintaining autonomy. Unlike vertical federalism, which deals with the relationship between central and state governments, horizontal federalism focuses on coordination, competition, and conflict resolution between states. In federal countries […]
Statutory assessment recoupment refers to the process by which a government or regulatory authority recovers funds from businesses, organizations, or individuals based on assessments imposed under statutory laws. These assessments often relate to taxes, regulatory fees, penalties, or other financial obligations mandated by law. If an entity has been overpaid, underpaid, or owes money due
Tenancy for sufferance occurs when a tenant remains in a rental property after their lease has expired, without the landlord’s permission, but before being legally evicted. This type of tenancy arises when a tenant was once legally occupying the property but continues to stay beyond the lease term without signing a new agreement or obtaining
A reciprocal indemnity clause is a provision in a contract where both parties agree to compensate each other for specific losses, damages, or liabilities that may arise from their actions or omissions. This clause ensures that each party takes responsibility for its own faults, protecting both from undue financial burdens. Reciprocal indemnity clauses are commonly
The Equal Dignities Rule is a legal principle that states that if a contract must be in writing to be enforceable, then any authorization granting an agent the power to sign that contract must also be in writing. This rule ensures that the agent’s authority to act on behalf of the principal holds the same
In contract law, two key parties are involved in the formation of an agreement: the offeror and the offeree. The offeror is the party who makes an offer, proposing specific terms for a contract. The offeree, on the other hand, is the party who receives the offer and has the choice to accept, reject, or
Ignorantia juris non excusat is a Latin legal maxim that means “ignorance of the law is no excuse.” This principle states that a person cannot escape liability for breaking a law simply because they were unaware of its existence. It is a fundamental rule in legal systems worldwide, ensuring that laws apply equally to all
The abolition of anti-Welsh laws marked a turning point in the history of Wales, ending centuries of legal discrimination and oppression imposed by English rule. For much of its history, Wales endured legal restrictions on its language, culture, and political autonomy, as English rulers sought to assimilate the Welsh people into a centralized kingdom. These
Repudiatory breach occurs when one party to a contract commits a serious violation that fundamentally undermines the agreement, making it impossible for the other party to continue. This type of breach is so severe that it allows the innocent party to terminate the contract immediately and seek damages. In business, employment, and commercial law, repudiatory
Tenancy at sufferance occurs when a tenant remains in possession of a rental property after their lease has expired but without the landlord’s consent. This situation arises when a tenant fails to vacate the premises on time but has not been formally evicted. Although the tenant is staying unlawfully, they are not considered a trespasser